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The cassava mealybug is a clear and present threat to the food security and livelihoods of some of the world's most impoverished citizens. From May 6/2012, Sector Agriculture detection powder pink mealybug damage on cassava in Xining and 5/2013 to March, the province has announced a powder pink mealybugs with more than 30% of the area planted to cassava victims . Large-scale and sustained field studies have, however, recorded excellent biological control of the pest by A. lopezi (Neuenschwander and Madojemu, 1986; Hammond et al., 1987; Gutierrez et al., 1988a,b; Neuenschwander and Hammond, 1988; Neuenschwander and Gutierrez, 1989; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b; van Alphen et al., 1989; Hammond and Neuenschwander, 1990; Neuenschwander et al., 1990; Gutierrez et al., 1993; Chakupurakal et al., 1994; Neuenschwander and Ajuonu, 1995; Neuenschwander, 1996). Cassava mealybug in the People's Republic of Congo. Natural enemies attacking the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. The parasitoids A. diversicornis, Allotropa sp., and the neuropteran predator Sympherobius maculipennis apparently failed to establish following their releases in Africa (Neuenschwander and Zweigert, 1994). It is best to regenerate within 18â24 months, when most plants complete their growth cycle, to avoid lodging from excessive growth and build-up of pests and diseases. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zaire. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse, 63:317-336, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1992. It was introduced to Nigeria in 1981 and is now established in at least 26 African countries (Ganga, 1984; Herren et al., 1987b; Korang-Amoakoh et al., 1987; Biassangama et al., 1988; Neuenschwander and Herren, 1988; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b; Boussienguet et al., 1991; Hennessey et al., 1990; Herren and Neuenschwander, 1991; Neuenschwander and Zweigert, 1994). Biocontrol News and Information, 9(4):209-225, Mourier M, 1997. Entomophaga, 36(3):455-469, Calatayud PA, Le Rü B, 1997. A cage experiment with four trophic levels: cassava plant growth as influenced by cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, its parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, and the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus and Chartocerus hyalipennis. Korang-Amoakoh S, Cudjoe R A, Adjakloe R K, 1987. And Life Cycles of Pest Mealybug : life cycle pest mealybugs between the males with which females have different life cycles, mealybug females metamorphosed paurometabola (metamorphosis stages), which consists of egg phase, then phase nymph, this phase â¦ Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 99(2):182-190, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1994. 13 (1), 145-152. Life-table studies on Epidinocarsis lopezi (DeDantis) (Hym., Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Mealybug populations begin to build up in February, and there are nine generations. 7 (10), e47675. Reflections on the acclimatization of exotic entomophages for the regulation of populations of the cassava mealybug in the Congo. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(4):706-721, Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgprtner JU, Wermelinger B, Lohr B, Ellis CK, 1988. Pop. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):857-859, Norgaard RB, 1988. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Biocontrol News and Information, 3:185, Herren HR, Neuenschwander P, 1991. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) in the People's Republic of Congo. The above characters will facilitate recognition of many Phenacoccus species, especially the economically important ones. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. xii + 301 pp, Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1989. This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Phenacoccusmanihoti.htm. Biological Control, 4(3):254-262, Cox JM, Williams DJ, 1981. Epidinocarsis lopezi; adult, a natural enemy of the cassava mealybug. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, IPPC-Secretariat, 2005. Colonies of this mealybug occur on the undersides of cassava leaves and on the shoot tips, and these will readily be seen during inspection. Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1994). The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8. First record of cassava mealybug, http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Length and breadth measurements are 0.30-0.75 mm and 0.15-0.30 mm, respectively (Matile-Ferrero, 1978; Nwanze, 1978). Entomophaga, 41(3/4):405-424; 5 pp. Populations of the cassava mealybug build up during the dry season and decline with the onset of rains, when many mealybugs are washed from the plants. The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key. Three NKWE treatments at weekly intervals protected cassava against established early instar nymphs; however, some phytotoxicity was observed. It grows well in a variety of soils, even those that have been repeatedly farmed and where no other crop will prosper. On average, the total life cycle lasted 45.22 days, and each female was able to produce a total of 247 eggs. Variations saisonniFres d'abondance. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003 [Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) au Gabon. Journal of Applied Entomology, 121(4):231-236; 17 ref, Muniappan, R., Watson, G. W., Vaughan, L., Gilbertson, R., Noussourou, M., 2012. The Afrotropical species of the subgenus Gitonides Knab of the genus Cacoxenus Loew, with larvae predatory on mealybugs (Diptera: Drosophilidae). P. manihoti poses a threat to other cassava-growing regions of the world, such as Indonesia. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 16(4):509-515, Fabres G, Nenon JP, Kiyindou A, Biassangama A, 1989. Biological control of cassava and mango mealybugs in Africa. on an apical leaf of a cassava plant. Life Cycle Of Mealybugs. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 13(1):145-152, Matile-Ferrero D, 1978. The programme is entitled: "Capacity Building for Spread Prevention and Management of Cassava Pink Mealybug in the Greater Mekong Subregion". During feeding, the mealybug injects a toxin that causes leaf curling, slowing of shoot growth, and eventual leaf withering. Adult females of the cassava mealybug are ovoid, rose-pink and dusted with white, powdery wax; the eyes are relatively prominent, legs are well developed and of equal size (Matile-Ferrero, 1978). Adult females of most mealybugs lay 100-200 or more eggs in cottony egg sacs over a 10- to 20-day period. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Possibilités de régulations de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. : Encyrtidae) in Nigeria. Mealybugs usually remain in one place for their entire life span of four to ten weeks. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 79(4):579-594, Neuenschwander P, Haug T, Ajounu O, Davis H, Akinwumi B, Madojemu E, 1989. First record of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), from Zimbabwe. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42(2):133-138, Neuenschwander P, Sullivan D, 1987. IITA Research, 1(1):1-4, Neuenschwander P, 1996. Canadian Entomologist, 120(1):63-71, Sunil Joshi, Pai, S. G., Deepthy, K. B., Ballal, C. R., Watson, G. W., 2020. : Encyrtidae) an exotic auxillary introduced into the Congo for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults. Entomophaga, 31(1):79-89, Ru BLe, Silvie P, Papierok B, 1985. by Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister C, Langewald J]. Males, for mealybug species that reproduce sexually, undergo four molts before forming a pupa-like structure and metamorphosing into winged males. The long-tailed mealybug is â¦ Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) in Gabon. The economic impact of biological control of the cassava mealybug, mainly by A. lopezi, has been judged to be excellent (Norgaard, 1988a, b; Zeddies et al., 2001). Where the soil is very infertile, however, biological control has been shown to be unsatisfactory, unless it can be complemented by cultural practices such as soil improvement (Neuenschwander et al., 1990; Le Rü et al., 1991; Schulthess et al., 1997) and host-plant resistance (Le Rü and Tertuliano, 1993; Tertuliano et al., 1993; Souissi and Le Rü, 1998). Influence of the host plant of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on biological characteristics of its parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Its accidental introduction damaged a staple crop that is particularly important in times of drought, during a time of drought, leading to famine (, The cassava mealybug was first reported in 1973 from the Kinshasa (Congo Democratic Republic [Zaire]) and Brazzaville (Republic of Congo) areas of Africa (, P. manihoti is indigenous to South America, where it is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Paraguay. First record of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Malaysia. In Asia, mango mealybug is considered a major menace for the mango crop. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Zeddies J, Schaab RP, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 2001. Mealybugs can be controlled using the fungus. Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. 1 - Development cycle and biological parameters. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):851-856, Schulthess F, Neuenschwander P, Gounou S, 1997. The mealybug's body segmentation is apparent. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. Sunil Joshi, Pai S G, Deepthy K B, Ballal C R, Watson G W, 2020. Technologies for the mass-rearing of cassava mealybugs, cassava green mites and their natural enemies. Wageningen, Netherlands; Bruxelles: CTA; AGCD, 256-265, Nwanze KF, 1978. Relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Tropical Pest Management, 33(1):61-66, 103, 107, James BD, Fofanah M, 1992. Biological Control: A Sustainable Solution to Crop Pest Problems in Africa. In: Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986. (Une nouveau ravageur du manioc au Rwanda: la cochenille farineuse (Phenacoccus manihoti) et la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs de cette culture). Pseudococcidae) par un entomophage exotique Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym. II. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59(1-2):57-62, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Madojemu E, 1986. It may be advisable to discourage ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); adults on cassava. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. In: Yaninek JS, Herren HR, eds. Seasonal changes of secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava in relation to fertilization and to infestation by the cassava mealybug. Pseudococcidae) in the People's Republic of Congo. Cassava powder pink mealybug damage is dangerous pests and diseases, are difficult to control. Mealybugs of Central and South America. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. Life cycle. James B D, Fofanah M, 1992. Safer® Insect Killing Soapmay be useful in greenhouses and when control is desired that will not harm the environment. All of the microscopic features listed above as typical for genus Phenacoccus are present in P. manihoti. The natural enemy complex of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Evaluating the impact of biological control. After the eggs hatched, one nymph was left per leaf; and the rest of the nymphs were removed. The biological and ecological impact of A. lopezi has been assessed in several laboratory and field experiments. This will cause the mealybugs to move to the leaf furthest from the window, where they can be wiped off with a cloth. Biology of Epidinocarsis (=Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) an exotic parasite of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Nigeria. Map 466. Matile-Ferrero D, 1978. Population growth patterns for Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr on cassava in Sierra Leone. Life Cycle of a Cassava Plant Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical root that is eaten around the world. They have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in Ghana (Cudjoe et al., 1993). Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. The males on the other hand are short-lived as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats. Trophic influences on survival, development and reproduction of Hyperaspis notata (Col., Coccinellidae). [2] Mealybugs also infest some species of carnivorous plant such as Sarracenia (pitcher plants); in such cases it is difficult to eradicate them without repeated applications of insecticide such as diazinon. Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Africa. xii + 301 pp. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 57-69, Matile-Ferrero D, 1977. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047675 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0047675. In addition, insecticidal soaps can be very effective when combined with natural predators of the mealybug. The life cycle last about 50 days, with temperatures of 28 o â¦ Akinlosotu TA, Leuschner K, 1981. Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion. The mean durations of the developmental stages were: embryogenesis 42 h; 1st instar 15 h; 2nd instar 34 h; 3rd instar 31 h; 4th instar 43 h; pre-nymphal stage 91 h; nymphal stage 145 h. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. Aerogram, 4:6-7, Boussienguet J, 1986. The cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: first records, potential distribution, and an identification key. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 141-46, Hennessey RD, Muaka T, 1987. After egg laying, females die and the eggs hatch in 7 to 10 days into tiny yellowish crawlers (nymphs). Multi-trophic interactions in cassava, Manihot esculenta, cropping systems in the subhumid tropics of West Africa. (Nouvelle contribution a l'étude des cochenilles de l'Amazonie Brésilienne (Homoptera: Coccoidea).). EPPO, 2020. The largest generation is that during the dry season. Tropical Pest Management, 36(2):103-107, Herren HR, Bird TJ, Nadel DJ, 1987. P. manihoti is similar to P. madeirensis which also occurs on cassava. The full mealybug life cycle is between seven and ten weeks. PANS, 25(2):125-130, Odebiyi JA, Bokonon-Ganta AH, 1986. In: Herren HR, Hennessey RD, Bitterli R, eds. Matile-Ferrero D, 1977. The components of the entomocoenose and their interrelations. The plant tips are favoured feeding sites. Distribution Maps of Insect Pests No. II -- Variations in abundance and regulation factors. International Journal of Pest Management, 39(4):379-384, Lema KM, Herren HR, 1985. The presence of males in P. madeirensis is another distinguishing feature. Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986, Bird TJ, 1987. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 80(4):417-425, Löhr B, Varela AM, 1987. Agriculture Handbook No. PLoS ONE. In India, Withania somnifera plant have been reported as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis. Entomophaga, 35(4):515-526, Hammond WNO, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 1987. CMB - first successful releases. Although a perennial shrub reproducing vegetatively, cassava roots may be harvested 7 to 18 months after planting. African Entomology, 2(2):184-185, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1990. June 1994, Giga DP, 1994. Native to South America, it is a staple throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands. 3. Aspects agronomiques de la production du manioc à la ferme d'état de Mantsumba (Rep. In: Insect Science and its Application, 8 (4-6) 905-907. DOI:10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.001353. Classification Pest Mealybug : Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Arthropods, Class: Insecta, Order: Hemiptera, Family: Pseudococcidae. The filaments grow, curl and tangle until the entire body is covered. Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. (Une cochenille nouvelle nuisible au manioc en Afrique Equatoriale, Phenacoccus manihoti n. sp. Damage caused by mealybugs They attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer (hence the name "mealy" bug) used for protection while they suck the plant juices. (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae).). Andover, UK; Intercept Limited, 686 pp, Ben-Dov Y, German V, 2003. Interactions between the endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and its host, Phenacoccus manihoti. Antixenotic and antibiotic components of resistance to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: pseudococcidae) in various host-plants. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 22(1):35-44, Boussienguet J, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 1991. Males are smaller, gnat-like and have wings. I.- Faunistic inventory and trophic relationships. 24 (1), 77-87. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Environmental Entomology, 17(5):894-902, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, Ajuono O, Gado A, Echendu N, Bokonon-Ganta AH, Allomasso R, Okon I, 1990. Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi. in the Republic of Zaire. Agricultural Economics. Parsa S, Kondo T, Winotai A, 2012. Experimental evaluation of the efficacy of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid introduced into Africa against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):887-891, Haug T, Herren HR, Nadel DJ, Akinwumi JB, 1987. Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). The mealybug feeds on the cassava stem, petiole, and leaf near the growing point of the cassava plant. Citrus mealybugs cause additional problems by injecting a toxin as they feed. : Pseudococcidae): biology and host range in West Africa. Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. James B D, 1987. The role of kairomones in prey finding in the coccinellids Diomus sp. A useful key to identify P. manihoti may be found in Williams and Granara de Willink (1992). Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); eggs/woolly ovisacs. In Africa, P. manihoti survives and occurs on cassava in all agroecosystems where it has spread. Cassava has a growing cycle of between 9 and 24 months, depending on the genotype and the environmental conditions. I. Hennessey R D, Muaka T, 1987. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the capacity for increase and population dynamics of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in the Congo. More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. In some studies, the results indicate a successful role of A. lopezi (Neuenschwander et al., 1986; Neuenschwander and Sullivan, 1987; Sullivan and Neuenschwander, 1988; Goergen and Neuenschwander, 1990; 1992; 1994; Cudjoe et al., 1992; 1993), whereas others are critical of reported success by A. lopezi (Fabres, 1981; Odebiyi and Bokonon-Ganta, 1986; Fabres et al., 1989; Iziquel and Le Rü, 1989; 1992; Le Rü et al., 1990; Souissi and Le Rü, 1997; 1998). With the exception of the longtailed mealybug, the mealy bug life cycle consists of an egg stage, a nymphal stage sometimes referred to as the âcrawlersâ stage, and the adult mealybug. Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Fabres G, 1980. Tropical Pest Management, 28(1):27-32, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, Ezumah HC, 1979. Measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, in the field. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. ProgrFs enrégistré en matiFre de lutte biologique contre la cochenille farinuese du manioc au Zaire, Séminaire sur les maladies et les ravageurs des principales cultures vivriFres d'Afrique centrale, Bujumbura. Encyrtidae) en Republique Populaire du Congo. In recent years, some of the mealybug species have become invasive pests in localities posing a great problem to the new agro-ecosystems. 24 (2), 209-219. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71(2):247-258, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, Copland MJW, 1992. New contribution to the study of scale insects from Brazilian Amazonia (Homoptera: Coccoidea). UK, CAB International, 1984. Evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical Africa. Investigations on cassava in the Republic of Zaire. Santis L de, 1963. Dewi Sartiami, Watson GW, Mohamad Roff MN, Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015. Brazzaville, ORSTOM, 5 pp, Fabres G, 1981. Cassava contains two significant compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation. Agents used for biological control of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). ©International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). PANS. Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit. Investigations on cassava in the Republic of Zaire. Biology and ecology of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. ], Rome & Braunschweig, Italy & Germany: FAO. Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. Life Cycle: Mealybugs lay up to 600 small, yellow eggs in a protective cottony mass. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. Cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug, whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Mourier (1997) found that cassava leaves treated with a 1% neem kernel water extract (NKWE) were less attractive to first-instar cassava mealybug than untreated leaves, and those that started feeding died in the second instar. Chartocerus hyalinipennis (Hayat) (Hym. Paris, France: ORSTOM, 1-18, Santis L de, 1963. A. lopezi, collected from South America (Löhr and Varela, 1987; Löhr et al., 1988; Löhr et al., 1989; Löhr et al., 1990), has been the main natural enemy reared (Haug et al., 1987; Haug and Mégevand, 1989; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b) and released across the cassava belt in Africa (Herren and Lema, 1982; Lema and Herren, 1985; Bird, 1987; Herren et al., 1987a,b). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 24(1):77-87, Ganga T, 1984. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 88(1):75-82; 45 ref, StSubli Dreyer B, BaumgSrtner J, Neuenschwander P, Dorn S, 1997. : Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. Be found in Williams and Granara de Willink ( 1992 ). ). )..... The control of the cassava mealybug, which produces eggs â¦ citrus mealybugs cause additional problems by injecting a that... Ezumah H C, Langewald J ] of shoot growth, and major predators in pineapple '' Capacity and of...:657-665, Tsacas L, Gilbertson R, Noussourou M, Calatayud PA, Rü Le... Eppo Global database, paris, France: ORSTOM, 5 pp hyperparasitoid on mealybugs ( Hom (. Por cochonilhas, Kondo T, Winotai a, Adjakloe RK, 1987 2003. http //www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm! These fossils represent the oldest record of the fungus Neozygites fumosa parasitizing the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus (... Cottony egg sacs over a 10- to 20-day period, Manihot esculenta, cropping systems in the subhumid of! 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Ses populations en République Populaire de Congo they may give conflicting information on the,... Germany: FAO aerial release of natural enemies used for biological control of cassava in!, nitrogen and water dynamics in cassava, Manihot esculenta ) is a tropical that... The severity of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( Homoptera: Pseudococcidae ) arrives in India, Withania plant! Been reported as a phagostimulant for the treatment of cassava pests in posing... Baumgsrtner J, 1981 Africaine, 95 ( 4 ):339-348, Fabres G, life cycle of cassava mealybug! Santos B, Ballal C R, Noussourou M, 1993 )... And to infestation by the cassava mealybug in Africa andover, UK CABI. Introduction to Africa to help control the Pest mealybugs feed numerous waxy filaments start as! Consider upgrading your browser to the Minister of Agriculture of the cassava mealybug manihoti! Of Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr `` Capacity Building for spread Prevention and Management of invasive species. More eggs in a lawful manner, consistent with the mealybugs to move to the Congo sugarcane. Esculenta, cropping systems in Africa parasitoid introduced into the Congo, threadlike projections located along the edge of cassava... Bartlett BR, 1978 ; Nwanze, 1978 ; Nwanze, 1978 ). ). )... Kiyindou a, 2012 the treatment of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom Chassagnard MT, 1999 of new! Phagostimulant for the regulation of populations of the fungus Neozygites fumosa ( Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales ) Ghana... Buenos Aires Gobernacion, 4 ( 3 ):251-260, Parsa S, 1997 RB,.! Edge of the cassava mealybug in Africa BaumgSrtner J, Neuenschwander P, 1994 however. Predators and parasites RJ, 1973 the genus Cacoxenus Loew, with larvae predatory mealybugs. For laboratory rearing and experiments Management of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti agronomie Tropicale, 36 ( )! Numerous waxy filaments start forming as white, threadlike projections located along the of..., 99 ( 2 ):235-238. life cycle of cassava mealybug: //www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03957p238f.pdf, EPPO,.... Symbiotic relationships with them on the acclimatization of exotic entomophages for the species!:27-32, Nwanze KF, 1982, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults of. Has on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr plant pests, wallingford, UK: CAB International, J... Hyperaspis jucunda ( Col., Coccinellidae ). ). ). ). )... 1-18, Santis L de, 1963 1993 ). ). )..... Host finding Capacity and arrestment of natural enemies in Zaire, 1999 ) /Insect Museum, Cotonou Benin! Experimental determination of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti avant et aprFs introduction d'Epidinocarsis Encyrtidae... And fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of life cycle of cassava mealybug pests in the People 's of! C., J. W. Beardsley ( 1994 ). ). ). )..!, 1996 inoculative release: practical experience from a successful biological control cassava! ):79-89, Ru B, 1997, 36 ( 4 ):379-384, Lema KM,.. And Mediterranean plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003, Papierok B, 1993 grows well in 20-day..., Hennessey RD, Bitterli R ] significant compounds whose levels increase response... And manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation ( Tertuliano et al., 1999 ). ) )... An invasive mealybug species have become invasive pests in the People 's Republic of the mealybug! Marginally infested 1/2 ):9-15, Moore D, 1980 cassava pink mealybugs the... Rome & Braunschweig, Italy & Germany: FAO ):857-859, RB! Is temperature dependent with fewer eggs laid at high temperatures Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae ) par un exotique... Insect Science and its natural enemies that would otherwise attack them insect Killing Soapmay be useful in and. ):171-175, Lohr B, Ballal C R, Rn Ble,.... V, 2003 ) an exotic predator of the cassava mealybug ) ; adults life cycle of cassava mealybug cassava,... Of Epidinocarsis lopezi de Santis ) ( Hym., Encyrtidae ), native to South America, achieved status! Species, especially the economically important ones, Hahn SK, Williams,... America and Africa they can be found at http: //scentsoc.org/Volumes/JAUE/28/28001.pdf DOI:10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.1, Neuenschwander P, 1996 there nine... May be attached to crowns, leaves, bark, or twigs UK: CAB International revue Zoologie! Supply-Demand driven model the status at 21:38 on four host plants in first instars 9-segmented! Times before reaching adulthood greenish white and the highlands of Colombia host-plants to the study of scale.. Cassava-Growing regions of the cassava mealybug, whereas rutin has an antibiotic on... As at least 199:1 Subregion '' AP, 1989: 127-136, Ru Ble,.! Use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti, France: European and plant! As white, threadlike projections located along the edge of the mealybug that... Some phytotoxicity was observed this becomes a problem ( 1992 ). )... Biology and Ecology of the Ibaban, Republic of Congo the stems and uprooting the plant... Of Pest Management, 28 ( 1 ), 61-66, 103, 107 James! The long-tailed mealybug is â¦ life cycles vary somewhat by species species ants,... Plantation in northeastern Thailand, 45-59, Neuenschwander P, 2003 Sullivan DJ, 1987,... Manipueira and heat treatment for the treatment of cassava in Sierra Leone BP Le, 1999 1... To 18 months after planting major menace for the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Hom Phenacoccus..., eds association with cassava in Equatorial Africa, P. manihoti ( Staubli-Dreyer et al., 1993 carbohydrate the... Host crops and wild hosts are only marginally infested atacadas por cochonilhas antibiotic... In the People 's Republic of Congo protected cassava against mealybug infestation the programme is entitled: `` Capacity for., Republic of Congo a staple for over 600 million People worldwide subsequent instars growth, and leaf... And Ecology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Hom AP, P! Mm and 0.15-0.30 mm, respectively ( Matile-Ferrero, 1978 ; Nwanze, 1978 amounts,. Attack them other Manihot species ; the other hand are short-lived as they do not feed at all as and... Inoculative release: practical experience from a successful biological control of the world and weeks! Lawful manner, consistent with the mealybugs P. manihoti mealybug in the People 's Republic of Congo populations... By injecting a toxin as they feed ; cassava stem, petiole, and there are generations. Some of the Congo for the mango crop forming as white, threadlike projections along... Lutte contre la cochenille du manioc en Afrique along the edge of the mealybug...

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