It’s not completely destroyed, but tens of thousands of people are either killed or displaced into slavery. It really almost destroys colonial South Carolina and it changes the Indian slave trade in the South forever. Teaching Tolerance Unsettling America Settler colonialism is a useful framework for making sense of the history of the United States and more specifically California, which experienced three distinct phases of colonization - Spanish, Mexican, and American. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute: The Indians’ Discovery of Columbus Interactives. Teaching Tolerance: How State Standards Represent Indigenous Peoples Instructional Content. On the eve of colonialism, Europeans had relatively limited experience with slavery, and they each brought their own experiences and understandings into the colonial context. So the Northeast, the Southeast, the Southwest. Indiana Native American Heritage Month (November) American Indians in … It highlights Native people’s role in trying to extricate themselves from this trade which had been so detrimental to their societies. So on the second voyage to the Caribbean, he takes captives. From: Teaching Tolerance magazine Number 29, Spring 2006 Part of the reason that we know what we know about these Indigenous captivity practices is that some of the very earliest Europeans who invaded North America were taken captive, and some of them endured these kinds of fates. The first case, Johnson V. M’Intosh, just when this doctrine of discovery gets sort of lain out and the idea becomes that Native nations are domestic dependent nations. Again, there’s this incredible demand for labor. Teaching Tolerance puts the figure at 500 tribes totaling about 22 million people. Now in our second season, this podcast is part of an effort to provide comprehensive tools for learning and teaching this critical topic. As part of that, there are these germs of ideas about race that are articulated during the Reconquest and the Spanish referred to these as notions of “blood purity.” That is that Christians had this pure blood and Jews and Muslims did not. In each episode we explore a different topic, walking you through historical concepts, raising questions for discussion, suggesting useful source material and offering practical classroom exercises. They are also experiencing land loss. All of these people, they had quite different cultures, histories and politics. Many of them also join attacks against South Carolina plantations. These were fascinating conversations. So they’re just massively, massively in debt to these traders who are extending them goods on loan. That life for nations and people touched by slavery and colonialism was forever and irrevocably changed. This is of course impossible to know because slavery and colonialism lasted for centuries and reach deep into the interior of Africa and the Americas. Native Americans have been the subject of racial stereotypes and exploitation in white American culture and enterprise throughout the nation's history. It might be interesting for you to also speak to the relationship between Christianity and European understandings of human dignity, particularly given what you were just discussing about understandings of Christianity in religious wars. Teaching Tolerance provides free teaching materials that include over 100 texts, sample inquiries and a detailed K–12 framework for teaching the history of American slavery. Christina Snyder: Something interesting that I’ve done with my class in order to really get students to wrap their heads around this is to have them read a version of the Requerimiento, which is a legal document that the Spanish came up with, I think in the 15 teens. So Europeans are engaging in this slave trade at the same time that they are trying to buy more and more enslaved people from Africa. But what does happen that’s different is that they, over time, are going to be a smaller and smaller percentage of that overall enslaved population. If you don't have an account, I am the Blood of the Conqueror, I am the Blood of the Conquered, Requerimiento: The Spanish Requirement of 1513, Precolumbian Native Peoples and Technology, The Atlantic Slave Trade what too few textbooks told you, Social Studies & Multicultural Education, University of Washington-Bothell. Hasan K. Jeffries: One of the things that really leaps out when I think about the history of the Yamasee War is that as teachers, we really have to take seriously Native nations as political thinkers. So, for them thinking about adoption is really addressing the loss of a loved one, compensating for that, taking in someone new, repairing the social fabric, incorporating them in society. Meredith McCoy: Teaching Hard History is a podcast from Teaching Tolerance, a project of the Southern Poverty Law Center. In response, Teaching Tolerance developed a framework and a set of recommendations for teaching about American slavery for students in grades 6-12. In order to sever that connection, they execute probably about 90 traders, which is most of the British traders who are in the interior. Rather than working with Native people or trying to include them somehow in the colonial project, settler colonialism really sought to either destroy them or displace them to somewhere else, so that colonizers, these new settlers, could claim these Indigenous spaces for themselves indefinitely. I think this would be a good moment to really understand both its historical importance in terms of Indigenous resistance and its historical importance in terms of the pivot from Indigenous enslavement to African enslavement on the seaboard. Exploring how African and Indigenous nations would have been different, were it not for slavery and colonialism, is a useful intellectual undertaking. Welcome to Lessons of Our Land, an innovative curriculum that enables Pre-K through grade 12 teachers to easily incorporate Native American stories, lessons and games into regular classroom instruction. So I’m excited to come on board. Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, they go on similar kinds of expeditions in the late 1530s, early 1540s, and they kidnap hundreds of Indigenous people, mostly women. While many Native people are bought, sold and live their lives on South Carolina plantations, many more are actually deported and exported for sale on the global market. It was really about addressing a balance that had been lost through a relative who had been killed. The fur trade is another one, which is primarily with the goal of extracting these animal resources from indigenous environments. How is that working, in terms of Indigenous peoples are being sent to Europe as enslaved people at the same time that African people are being brought to what’s currently the United States as enslaved people? They want ways to protect their communities. It often translates as “one who is owned.”. Teaching Tolerance provides free resources to educators—teachers, administrators, counselors and other practitioners—who work with children from kindergarten through high school. That really reshapes the way that slavery looks in the region. That’s where you can really see the vulnerability of these kinds of unarmed groups. That’s why many of them become interested in buying and selling Indigenous captives. So you see this, especially in British colonies. As you’re building out these timelines, the individual timelines will eventually intersect at specific historical moments so that you’ll start to see the development of a 3D mobile or a 3D model that allows your students to see how these different interests are overlapping and coming in and out of play with each other. Why Indigenous nations are making these political alliances, choosing to engage in warfare, choosing to integrate into the slave trade, and how does capitalism play a role in that expansion? So we cannot understand the history of American slavery separate from the United States as a settler colonial entity. One thing that I would emphasize to teachers is that we think a lot about Native population loss in the early colonial period. That is, it really didn’t recognize indigenous territorial claims as being legitimate in European eyes. “Every side has a different facet. Meredith McCoy: We continue today to feel the impacts of Indigenous enslavement in so many ways. Part of the reason why is that they very rightly see that they’re living in an unsafe world. Teaching Tolerance: Lessons Learned in Teaching Native American History: Indian Law Resource Center: Native American Rights Fund: For Librarians (AND Teachers) Creating a Library Atmosphere that Welcomes American Indians: Board Books: Top Books for Elementary: Top Books for High School: The Southwest—what you see is the Pueblo Revolt. I think the best metaphor probably is to think about as a kind of virus that mutates as it migrates. Meredith McCoy: That has so many ripple effects out across Indian law. They even depicted the slavery as timeless. One thing to immediately come to terms with is that labor is a scarce resource in colonial North America and colonialism is fundamentally about money. A widely held tenant was that captivity was a kind of substitute for death in warfare. So thinking about these ideas of Indigenous people being integrated into these European capitalist understandings of intergenerational servitude, it really is a cognitive dissonance with the idea that captivity is something that maintains a social fabric. Meredith McCoy: How effective is the Yamasee War at ending indigenous enslavement, both along the Eastern Seaboard and then continent wide pushing into the West? Teaching Tolerance Classroom Activities from Tolerance.org Many excellent activities for a variety of subjects and lesson plans. "It's perfect because I get to teach my kids about Native American history throughout the school year!" Often the version of enslavement that we’re expected to teach is sort of fixed in time as though there is one version of enslavement and that everyone who was enslaved experienced it in a certain way. Like the [inaudible 01:09:28]. So slavery itself is on the go, it’s dynamic. Teaching Tolerance Classroom Activities from Tolerance.org Many excellent activities for a variety of subjects and lesson plans. Meredith McCoy: In the second part of the interview, we’re going to move forward in terms of time. I think many of us were trained as history teachers to teach the colonial era, and then the idea of colonization sort of disappears. Native Americans of New England: Key Concepts For Teaching Native American Histories Websites You might have your students break out into teams and assign each team a different player in the war. Ideas that had really propelled the Reconquest more based on an intolerance of non-Christian people, especially in this case, Jews and Muslims. But I did at least wear my Lowndes County Freedom Organization hoodie, which is emblazoned with a snarling black panther, the logo of the original Black Panther party. What this history forces us to do is reckon with the myriad experiences depending on location and time. So Europeans have this idea that slavery can be passed down indefinitely through, especially the maternal line, is how they begin to define it. So something that begins small-scale captive exchange really rapidly in the colonial period amplifies into a huge, violent, transformative trade. Settler colonialism is still another kind. Teaching Tolerance also offers other teaching resources to help promote understanding of the Native American experience. Teaching Tolerance Classroom Resources (Southern Poverty Law Center) The National Museum of African American History and Culture (Smithsonian) Native American Studies Resources. Apple Podcasts | Google Music | Spotify | RSS | Help, Christina Snyder In both instances, I’m really struck by this idea of Indigenous populations, whether they are Indigenous nations here, African people on the continent of Africa, are in a sense saying, “Okay, in what ways can we incorporate these new people into our existing way of life?”. Teaching Tolerance provides free teaching materials that include over 100 texts, sample inquiries and a detailed K–12 framework for teaching the history of American slavery. In that sense it’s taking a life and transforming it. So, again, that’s a germ of an idea that becomes really explosive in the context of colonialism. There is also a kind of prestige and power in having these captives. They to continue to engage in the Indian slave trade. Especially when thinking about American history as a whole, because from the perspective of Native people, the colonial period started in the 15th century with Columbus’s arrival and it’s still going on today. Could you talk about the relationship between ongoing settler colonialism and maybe define that for us… and land displacement and in slavery? My primary research again has been about the Southeast, but this really is a continental phenomenon where you see it happening in all the areas of colonization. However, Lewis and Clark did not "discover" anything. A lot of the resources that exist, if you Google “classroom resources to teach warfare,” think about the world wars, or they think about Vietnam, or they think about the present wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but there are not a lot of resources out there for thinking about how to teach histories of early colonial Indian wars in a K–12 context. What is this looking like in terms of how communities, exactly as you’re saying, initially attempt to incorporate these newcomers as guests, or visitors, or relatives, and then eventually as a tool for their own survival become complicit in these systems of violence against other people? Here are some resources that can help deconstruct these and other stereotypes: • Stereotypes and Tonto – This lesson from Teaching Tolerance, for grade… Funded by the Teaching Tolerance project, this volume is part of a larger packet of materials aimed at teaching students respect for others. The British really dominate parts of the Eastern Seaboard by then. So as your students are building out these graphic organizers on the ground, they start to draw connections between their ideas and how they’re connecting to the other ideas or pressures that both lead up to the conflict and then that radiate out from it. European gun manufacturers actually start to mass-produce these for an American market and primarily for Native American people who want to use these. Meredith McCoy: That is such a good point. That point that was made about, labor is a scarce resource, and those European colonizers who were coming in, they are desperate for this free labor and are using this system, obviously, to tap into labor sources. One is idea of an interactive timeline or a 3D model of the different timelines that the different players in the war are navigating. Hasan K. Jeffries: There are real parallels between what happens to Indigenous nations when Europeans arrive bringing with them this new system of servitude and slavery, and what happens on the African continent when Europeans arrive and are bringing with them this new system of slavery and servitude. There were basically three different things that could happen to a captive. So I’m really struck by what Doctor Snyder was pointing out with regard to Columbus: 1495, Columbus kidnapping and enslaving 500 or so Indigenous people, bringing them back across the Atlantic. Search Teaching ToleranceSearch. The survivors are forced to go back to the mission system in Florida. So a successful war party would take home captives and the captives as a whole would really face different fates. But what we’re talking about is that what we might consider slavery or forced bondage in an Indigenous context and what will emerge in the Americas under these colonizers is something completely different. But they did have already some African slaves in their nation and they were familiar with Spanish exploits just by reading. So part of this change is how European understandings of the commodification of human beings as laborers interface with Indigenous understandings of captives as part of a mechanism to repair a broken social fabric after warfare or after death. A Playlist for the Movement – w/ Charles L. Hughes. “It’s like a diamond,” Schenck says of this and other varying Native American views of the Lewis and Clark expedition. So at that point they and most other English colonies on the Eastern Seaboard increasingly turn to African slavery. It really varies quite a bit. They are trying to protect. Christina Snyder: They’re really two ways in which Europeans begin to trade in Indigenous slaves. Columbus captured 550 Indigenous peoples, carried them back to Spain. So the ways in which Indigenous peoples become incorporated into this global slave market, totally upends these earlier models of captivity and bondage as a way to repair and maintain the social fabric. The war itself takes place between 1715 and 1718. In order to understand the United States and how it functions today, particularly how class, labor and race function today, you have to understand that the settler colonial state has a deep desire for labor, land and resources. Doctor Snyder is the 2018 winner of the Francis Parkman prize from the Society of American Historians. But this should be more than just an exercise because it’s an effective way to see the impact of slavery and colonialism on African and Indigenous nations. Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Corps Member Summit Partially to work them on their own plantations, but also for deportation. One of the big ideas that Doctor Snyder has researched is that Indigenous peoples had certain ideas about bondage and captivity that predate the invasion of Europeans. We often talk, and rightly so, a lot about conflict early in the colonial period. European concepts of bondage transformed the way Native nations interacted with each other, resulted in the enslavement and death of millions of Indigenous people, and sparked widespread resistance by Native nations. The lesson introduces students to two texts written by Native American authors that offer a different perspective on the Thanksgiving story than … Another possibility is to spread all the chairs and desks out to the corners of your classroom and spread butcher paper out on the floor. Hasan K. Jeffries: So often when we hear discussions about slavery in America, we often hear all societies had slavery, Indigenous societies had slavery, African societies has slavery. So the Yamasees engaged in the slave trade, but they begin to become disillusioned with it. Could you explicitly define that for some of our teachers who may see that term pop up in their textbook or in their standards? The National Museum of the American Indian’s new program is looking to change that. They execute Nairne, they begin to attack plantations around South Carolina, and many other Southern Indian nations applaud this. So again, somebody who’s not totally connected into your own society. She’s going to share with us her conversation with Doctor Snyder. That, I think is precisely the narrative that teachers should be using in their conversations with students about how to understand the role of Indigenous peoples in the slave trade, both in the slave trade of other Indigenous peoples and in the slave trade of African peoples. When we see the Spanish coming to the Americas, again they’re coming right off of that Reconquista. Helping teachers in schools prepare their students to be active participants in a diverse democracy. This was a trade that people in Spain and Portugal in particular had started engaging in the 15th century. What’s so central to that evolution is how in the minds of white settlers, white colonists, European colonists, how they are seeing the relationship to these colonies by Native people. In early December 2016, Teaching Tolerance contracted with Survey USA, a highly rated national polling firm, to conduct an online survey of 1,000 American high school seniors. Meredith McCoy: That’s so true, Hasan. Also compensating for that life that you’ve lost to enhance your numbers. Its goal is Christianization and cultural assimilation and yet the Spanish do provide a measure of protection. That Indigenous nations are making choices, as you say, strategically, to ensure the well-being of their people. It’s really the concept that is at the basis of Indian law. Warfare is spreading into the interior, sometimes hundreds of miles away from European settlement because demand for enslaved laborers is just insatiable. Teaching the Truth About Native American History. Hasan K. Jeffries: In our second season, we are expanding our focus to better support elementary school educators, to spend more time with teachers who are doing this work in the classroom and to understand the often-hidden history of the enslavement of Indigenous people in what would become the United States. How do we get this mesh of Christian ideology and legal concepts that then justify the enslavement of peoples from Africa and the Americas? Hasan K. Jeffries: When we think about the racialization of slavery in the American context, we often draw our attention to Bacon’s Rebellion and think about the ways in which this colonial rebellion, landless whites in Virginia, are rebelling against the landed elite for their piece of the pie, and the response to that on the part of the land and white elite is like, “Oh, we need to move away from this particular class hierarchy and shift our attention to creating a permanent underclass, that being enslaved African laborers.”. Europeans are already interested in acquiring forced labor to begin plantations to start other kinds of economic endeavors. I’m really excited to welcome to the podcast for season two, my cohost, Meredith McCoy. You see their participation in the Atlantic slave trade, which targets Africans, increase dramatically throughout the course of the 18th century. ... A long list of Native American lessons and units from Mr. Donn's site. Learn about a new Smithsonian program and state initiatives designed to support robust, accurate teaching about Native history and contemporary issues. Compiled - The Center for Racial Justice in Education Teaching Approaches. The ideas about warfare and captive- taking, they did vary from one place to the next and it’s not the same everywhere. But I wouldn’t be here today, Indigenous peoples wouldn’t be here today, if it weren’t for the resilience, the creativity and the resistance of our ancestors. Eventually South Carolina cobbles together and army from their own militia, from some neighboring colonies. Again, around the same time. They have a kind of ambivalent relationship to slavery at first, but eventually they too become involved in the African and the Indian slave trade. A lot of K–12 social studies standards in textbooks tend to distort or even erase histories of Indigenous peoples, and that includes the history of Indigenous enslavement. We don’t know exactly how many different nations they lived in, but today in the United States there are over 560 different Indigenous nations. For example, when war parties go out, they’re often addressing a particular grievance and that’s usually the loss of life due to the fact of enemies taking their own people in war. Meredith McCoy: Yeah, that’s absolutely right. These empires wanted colonies to generate money for sometimes private investors, sometimes for the crown. If you don't have an account, With and About: Inviting Contemporary American Indian Peoples Into the Classroom. Meredith McCoy: Absolutely. So they rightly see that these are military really strong people and that maybe they would make good military allies. As the Yamasees see this happen, they actually decide to come back to the Savannah River valley region, move close to what’s now Augusta and form relationships with Scottish traders who were affiliated with the new colony of Carolina. I will say that, overall when we think about what Indigenous leaders are facing, there’s devastating population loss. We do have an estimate from one French colonial official in Louisiana, around 1700, who estimated that for every captive taken alive, three people died resisting that invasion. Teaching Culturally Sensitive Holidays – Sherry Posnick-Goodwin (California Teachers Associations) Teaching Thanksgiving in a Socially Responsible Way – Teaching Tolerance; Teaching Thanksgiving from the Perspective of Native Americans – Christina “Krea” Gomez ; Lesson Plans/ Study Guides. This idea that Indigenous peoples only have a right to occupancy and not a right to these territories that we’ve been stewarding and care-taking since time immemorial. Europeans are coming in and they’re certainly disrupting dynamics, especially in what come to be known as the colonies, but Indigenous peoples largely are still able to maintain pre-existing relationships with each other and relationships with their lands. Partially because New England had been one of the top buyers of enslaved Native people from the South and they to get more cautious about it in the wake of the Yamasee War. When we think about major colonizing powers in North America, three of the most important are Spain, England and France. Christina Snyder: Many Indigenous nations actually do try to maintain traditional ideas as much as they can in terms of how native people are engaging with the warfare around them. In Teaching Hard History: American Slavery, the SPLC’s Teaching Tolerance project last year detailed the ways in which schools are failing to adequately teach this history and how Americans lack a basic knowledge of the fundamental role slavery played in shaping the country.. Meredith McCoy: I am thrilled today to welcome Christina Snyder. So I asked Christina to explain how captivity and bondage were understood and practiced within Indigenous societies before Europeans arrived on the continent. Typically, we emphasize disease, and certainly disease has a major role. Meaning people who are engaging in long-term colonial strategies of trying to displace or replace Native people, pushing Native people out. So there are lots of examples, especially in the early colonial period, of these colonizers taking and selling, were deporting Indigenous slaves. So in the global context, we often talk about this in the United States, in Canada, in New Zealand, in Australia. 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