methods of irrigation and their suitability

The main types of irrigation followed by farmers include: In this system, no irrigation pump is involved. Residual Sodium Carbonate (R.S.C.) The sizes of the furrows, borders and basins have been discussed in the previous chapters. Testing of the various methods â under the prevailing local conditions â provides the best basis for a sound choice of irrigation method. Also Read: Traditional Methods of Irrigation. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land. In this system, water is applied to each plant through a network of pipes under low pressure. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops. Border irrigation can be used on sloping land up to 2% on sandy soil and 5% on clay soil. The module also highlights the advantages and d isad vantages of the d ifferent irrigation system s, as well as their suitability based on physical constraints and cropping system . Often it will be easier to improve the traditional irrigation method than to introduce a totally new method. Here, a farmer pulls out water from wells or canals by himself or using cattle and carries to farming fields. On steeper sloping land, contour furrows can be used up to a maximum land slope of 3%. Here, water is distributed across the land by gravity. b. In this type, drops of water are delivered near the roots of the plants. Varied quantities of water are allowed on the fields at different times. It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g. Short, level furrows - also called furrow basins - can, like basins, be constructed and maintained by hand. In general it can be stated that to operate the system, basin irrigation requires the least labour and the least skill. Furrow irrigation can be used on flat land (short, near horizontal furrows), and on mildly sloping land with a slope of maximum 0.5%. Applying it beneath the soil surface 4. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and even dams. This a labour intensive and time-consuming system of irrigation. Type of crop. c. Type of technology. There are five basic methods of irrigation (flooding, furrow irrigation, trickle, sprinkling, and sub irrigation). Farmer must know which method suits the local conditions best. Hence, [â¦] Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases the income of the farmers. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as vegetables and fruit trees. Very helpful it strictly targeted my exercise, Your email address will not be published. Surface irrigation may be difficult to use on irregular slopes as considerable land levelling may be required to achieve the required land gradients. However, the amount of land levelling can be considerable. The approximate rooting depths of the most Important field crops are given in Volume 4. 1. Surface irrigation systems - in particular small-scale schemes - usually require less sophisticated equipment for both construction and maintenance (unless pumps are used). Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. 5. Basin irrigation is the simplest of the surface irrigation methods. ( 2012 ) and El Omran et al. The equipment needed is often easier to maintain and less dependent on the availability of foreign currency. The smaller the basins, the easier their construction, operation and maintenance. On the cost side not only the construction and installation, but also the operation and maintenance (per hectare) should be taken into account. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. The results demonstrated that by applying sprinkle irrigation instead of surface and drip irrigation methods, the arability of 21,250 ha å±72.53%å² in the Abbas Plain will improve. rice). There are some studies in relation to evaluation methods of irrigation suitability mentioned below that show different picture of two kinds of irrigation including drop and gravity irrigation in different area. Groundwater in coastal aquifers is often affected by seawater intrusion, resulting in water quality deterioration. Spraying it under pressure 2. Sprinkler or drip irrigation are preferred above surface irrigation on steeper or unevenly sloping lands as they require little or no land levelling. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to ensure adequate drainage. Controlled: Water is applied from the head ditch and â¦ (However, none of the surface irrigation methods can be used if the sand is very coarse, i.e. For the operation of furrow and border irrigation systems more labour is required combined with more skill. Again, it is not possible to give specific guidelines leading to a single best solution; each option has its advantages and disadvantages. Irrigation can be carried out by two different methods: In this method, irrigation is done manually. This section discusses some of the important factors which should be taken into account when determining which surface irrigation method is most suitable: basin, furrow or border irrigation. In this case medium furrows or short borders. Strong wind can disturb the spraying of water from sprinklers. Adhikary et al. Comparison of Different Irrigation Methods Based on the Parametric Evaluation Approach in West North Ahwaz Plain 261 County, (33%) was moderately suitable (S2), (%9) was classified as marginally suitable (S3), (7%) of the area was founded currently not suitable (N1) and (25%) was very unsuitable for surface irrigation due to their high slope gradient. They are constructed and maintained by machines. To know more about irrigation, its types, methods and importance, keep visiting BYJU’S website or download the BYJU’S app for further reference. They therefore need frequent but small irrigation applications, in particular when the sandy soil is also shallow. In basin irrigation, the land is divided into basins. The comparison of the different types of irrigation techniques revealed that the sprinkle and drip irrigation methods were more effective and efï¬cient than the surface irrigation methods for improving land productivity. When a variety of different soil types is found within one irrigation scheme, sprinkler or drip irrigation are recommended as they will ensure a more even water distribution. Similarly, crops require water for their growth and development. Let us have a look at different types of irrigation and the methods used for irrigation. Also Read: Crop Production and Management. Two different methods of irrigation are- modern methods that include sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation; traditional irrigation that includes manual irrigation where water is pulled out by the farmers themselves from the wells and canals to irrigate the land. or Border Irrigation, 7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation. The main advantage of this method is that it is cheap. if the infiltration rate is more than 30 mm/hour.). Furrow irrigation is best used for irrigating row crops such as maize, vegetables and trees. Borders require the highest level of sophistication. In general, drip and sprinkler irrigation are technically more complicated methods. The type of technology affects the choice of irrigation method. This method is much advisable in areas facing water scarcity. Factors to be taken into account include: Flat lands, with a slope of 0.1% or less, are best suited for basin irrigation: little land levelling will be required. The water is spread or flooded into the field, without much control or before preparation. Machine operation requires a high level of skill, organization and usually foreign currency. The modern method compensates the disadvantages of traditional methods and thus helps in the proper way of water usage. Irrigation helps to increase productivity even in low rainfall. It has a simpler design than the furrow and border design. This requires skill, organization and frequently the use of foreign currency for fuel, equipment and spare parts. Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements. LEC. In drip irrigation, water is applied near the plant root through emitters or drippers, on or below the soil surface , at a low rate varying from 2 â 20 litres per hour. Numerous subclasses exist within each of these basic methods. Under very windy conditions, drip or surface irrigation methods are preferred. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to assist drainage. This type of irrigation is rarely used as it requires more maintenance. Sub-surface III. The purchase of equipment requires high capital investment per hectare. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the regions. It is not certain that the farmers will accept the new method. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors: - natural conditions - type of crop If the infiltration rate is higher than 30 mm/hour, sprinkler or drip irrigation should be used. Water application efficiency (see Annex 4, step 8) is generally higher with sprinkler and drip irrigation than surface irrigation and so these methods are preferred when water is in short supply. Surface irrigation is preferred if the irrigation water contains much sediment. Natural conditions. The maintenance - ploughing and furrowing - is also often done by machines. Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane. One chapter is devoted to the choice of an appropriate irrigation method. Under these circumstances, sprinkler or drip irrigation are more suitable than surface irrigation. 2.4 Crop-Water requirement calculation by Penman method and computer software (CROPWAT-8) 2.5 Principal crops, their seasons and water requirements 2.6 Method of applying water to irrigation field as surface, sub-surface and Sprinkler methods 2.7 Techniques of surface irrigation and their suitability The different types of irrigation include- sprinkler irrigation, surface irrigation, drip irrigation, sub-irrigation and manual irrigation. Sprinkler systems are more efficient that surface irrigation methods in leaching out salts. Also, a regular supply of fuel and spare parts must be maintained which - together with the purchase of equipment - may require foreign currency. Before choosing an irrigation method, an estimate must be made of the costs and benefits of the available options. Water of a low class can be safely used on poorly drained heavy soils which would retain any salt that may be present in the water. But its efficiency is poor because of the uneven distribution of water. The grading needs to be accurate. 18 & 19. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors: Natural conditions; Type of crop; Type of technology But all of these studies, ignore the continuous changes of soil properties and so it causes their evaluation results are not accurate enough. Flooding 3. The manual describes in some detail the basin and furrow irrigation methods. ( 2014 ) proposed a model to assess and map irrigation water well suitability using geospatial analysis. of irrigation method. Among these, the pump system is the most common and used widely. METHODS OF IRRIGATION - SUITABILITY, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS Water application methods are grouped as: 1. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells, and even dams. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors: The natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability, have the following impact on the choice of an irrigation method: Sandy soils have a low water storage capacity and a high infiltration rate. These costs should then be compared with the expected benefits (yields). Field experience has shown that most water can be applied per irrigation application when using basin irrigation, less with border irrigation and least with furrow irrigation. Those crops that cannot stand a very wet soil for more than 12-24 hours should not be grown in basins. Some examples of the traditional system are pulley system, lever system, chain pump. The frequency, rate, amount and time of irrigation are different for different crops and also vary according to the types of soil and seasons. Water is applied in the root zone of the crop. All soil types, except coarse sand with an infiltration rate of more than 30 mm/hour, can be used for surface irrigation. Some physical and biological properties, such as turbidity and presence of algae, bacteria or viruses, also determine the suitability of the water for irrigation. In this type of irrigation, either the field is flooded (this is known as Basin Irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (this is known as furrow irrigation). Cost/benefit analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this manual. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation. Their operation and maintenance is simple (see Figure 66). Sub Surface Irrigation. Water is distributed through a system of pumping stations gates, ditches and canals by raising the water table. If there is no tradition in irrigation, the most simple irrigation method to introduce is basin irrigation. A. An exception is rice grown on terraces on sloping lands. There are different types of irrigation practised for improving crop yield. It is obvious that farmers will only be interested in implementing a certain method if they consider this economically attractive. Paddy rice is always grown in basins. The required labour inputs for construction and maintenance depend heavily on the extent to which machinery is used. Irrigation methods is the fifth in a series of training manuals on irrigation. Surface Irrigation: In this method water flows and spreads over the surface of the land. It is one of the most primitive and insufficient methods of irrigation. Drip irrigation system Or trickle irrigation is one of the latest and modern methods of irrigation.It is suitable for water scarcity and salt affected soils. Applying in drops Irrigation methods I. Also, we have published details of some of these irrigation methods. Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements. For example: if the soil is sandy and the rooting depth of the crop is medium, it is estimated that the net depth of each irrigation application will be in the order of 35 mm. Also the border, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are discussed, but in less detail. Irrigation has stabilized the output and yield levels. Pressurized irrigation The main objective of this research is to compare different irrigation methods based upon a parametric evaluation system in an area of 41,200 ha in the Rasht region, north Iran. To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and disadvantages Assessing the suitability of land for irrigation ... extent of soils and their attributes in the priority regions. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. If the slope is more than 1%, terraces can be constructed. Also, the chances of water loss are very high. If the irrigation water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly suitable, as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods. Surface irrigation often requires a much higher labour input - for construction, operation and maintenance - than sprinkler or drip irrigation (Figure 65). These types of irrigation systems are practised based on the different types of soils, climates, crops and resources. This method can vary in different regions. Factors affecting the suitability of an irrigation method. 4. He or she must know which method suits the local conditions A statistical method will be used to identify the best locations to sample soil for the purpose of assessing the scale of the opportunity for irrigation across the regions. Optimum irrigation management is an important factor in precise agriculture. (In large-scale irrigation projects, the amounts of water applied may be much higher. maize, sorghum, trees, etc. If irrigation is used traditionally, it is usually simpler to improve the traditional irrigation method than it is to introduce a previously unknown method. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year. Water is distributed from a central location by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or from sprinklers from the moving platform. Figure 65 Surface irrigation requires a high labour input. on a clay soil and with a deep rooting crop, border or basin irrigation would be more appropriate. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. ), This means that if only little water is to be applied per application, e.g. Border irrigation is particularly suitable for close growing crops such as alfalfa, but border irrigation can also be used for row crops and trees. 7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation. A sprinkler system, as its name suggests, sprinkles water over the crop and helps in an even distribution of water. Irrigation water quality can best be determined by chemical laboratory analysis. In areas of supplementary irrigation, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable than surface irrigation because of their flexibility and adaptability to varying irrigation demands on the farm. Irrigation would provide farmers with sustained livelihoods and improve their general well-being. Surface irrigation requires accurate land levelling, regular maintenance and a high level of farmers' organization to operate the system. This is often done by machines. Irrigation systems are often designed to maximise efficiencies and minimize labour [â¦] Water is applied from a channel located at the upper reach of the Loss of water by conveyance and deep percolation is high and the efficiency of irrigation is only 40-50% at field level in this method of irrigation. Sprinkler and drip irrigation require little land levelling; system operation and maintenance are less labour-intensive. Still, we have to depend on some outside sources to fulfil the water requirements of our body. Figure 67 Basin irrigation is relatively easy, 7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation, 7.2 Basin, Furrow Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. = (CO 3 â + HCO a) â (Ca ++ + Mg ++) Irrigation waters have been grouped into classes of low, medium, high and very high, depending upon their suitability for irrigations as shown below: . Basin Irrigation method is primarily used for crops that stand in water for more extended periods, flat lands where rice is grown or in terraces on hillsides. On loam or clay soils all three irrigation methods can be used, but surface irrigation is more commonly found. To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. It was very useful for my seminar presentation. Table 5 SELECTION OF AN IRRIGATION METHOD BASED ON THE DEPTH OF THE NET IRRIGATION APPLICATION, Net irrigation depth per application (mm), long furrows, medium borders, small basins, Figure 66 Land levelling using animal traction. Especially if the basins are small, they can be constructed by hand or animal traction. Irrigation land suitability analysis is given to the physical and chemical properties of soil in relation to methods of irrigation selected , . Drip irrigation with saline water is one of the most effective methods to ease the current worldwide water shortage. the results of water testing, methods of statistical analysis, ion ratios, a Piper diagram, and a variety of groundwater irrigation suitability models were used to analyze the chemical composition of groundwater and the inï¬uence of seawater intrusion. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development, germination and other related functions. Youâll learn all the above mentioned irrigation methods in details here. Using groundwater influenced by seawater intrusion for irrigation can lead to crop failure, erosion of machinery and pipes, and adverse effects on farming. Irrigation water quality refers mainly to the chemical composition of the water, or more specifically, to the mineral composition of water. Irrigation efficiency, application efficiency will be d iscussed in relation to water use efficiency. Irrigation is the process of supplying water to the land at regular intervals by means of canals and other artificial methods, to enhance agricultural growth and maintain the landscape during the periods of less average rainfall. several important criteria in the selection of a suitable irrigation method. irrigation methods, the land suitability of 6,275 ha 21.42% of this plain will improve. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the land for surface irrigation using GIS based weighted overlay analysis of individual parameters for better utilization of land resources. The importance of irrigation can be explained in the following points: Irrigation should be optimum because even over-irrigation can spoil the crop production. Suitability ~ This method is suitable for inundation irrigation systems, pastures & forage crops which is inexpensive. Followings are the types of irrigation methods-Surface Irrigation; Localized Irrigation; Drip Irrigation; Sprinkler Irrigation; Center Pivot Irrigation; Lateral Move Irrigation; Sub-Irrigation; Manual Irrigation; A brief description of these irrigation types is given below. Irrigation facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country. and installation. The result shows â¦ The increased number of alternative irrigation methods, drought and water shortages, increasing demand for food, concern for environmental protection, government involvement in the promotion of pressurized irrigation and private sector interest (the interest of suppliers of irrigation equipments to increase their income regardless of the consequences for farmers) have heightened â¦ Water is an essential element for survival. The sediments may clog the drip or sprinkler irrigation systems. They result from a combination of soil type and rooting depth. Droughts and famines are caused due to low rainfall. have their advantages and disadvantages. 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The above considerations have been summarized in Table 5. Thus the proper method is to be used for the best cultivation. The net irrigation application values used are only a rough guide. In the drip system, water supply is done drop by drop exactly at roots using a hose or pipe. Surface II. Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation. 18 Methods Of Irrigation - Suitability, Advantages And ... ... Sign in Unfortunately, in many cases there is no single best solution: all methods It must be checked that this amount can indeed be given, with the irrigation method under consideration. Introducing a previously unknown method may lead to unexpected complications. However, it must be remembered that efficiency is just as much a function of the irrigator as the method used. Furrow irrigation - with the possible exception of short, level furrows -requires accurate field grading. In these regions suitability classes of irrigation can be increased with drip and sprinkler methods: For example, summer crops require a higher amount of water as compared to winter crops. To identify potential irrigable land, irrigation suitability factors such as soil type, slope, land cover/use, and distance from water supply were taken into account. I like it very much. ADVERTISEMENTS: Read this article to learn about the important methods of irrigation, i.e., (1) Surface Irrigation (2) Overhead or Sprinkler Irrigation (3) Drip or Trickle Irrigation. Rough guide for growth and development, germination and other related functions facilities make it possible to specific! Higher amount of water loss are very high sprinkler or drip irrigation.... High capital investment per hectare of foreign currency indeed be given, with the possible exception of short level... Can not stand a very wet soil for more than 30 mm/hour, can be on... The furrows, borders and basins have been discussed in the selection of suitable... And improve their general well-being method used and map irrigation water quality can best determined. And usually foreign currency for fuel, equipment and spare parts ionic in. Crop, furrow irrigation is the process of applying water to the choice of irrigation followed farmers! Some examples of the various methods - under the prevailing local conditions best the physical and chemical properties of in. Crop yield fifth in a circular pattern irrigation is more than one crop in most of the crop helps. Let us have a look at different types of crops near the roots of the most important field crops given. Your email address will not be grown in basins methods of irrigation and their suitability e.g. ) soil type rooting. There are five basic methods specific in most of the various sources of water are! Border or basin irrigation season is specific in most of the equipment may problematic... Nozzles of pipes under low pressure, can be constructed by hand or animal traction be given, with expected! Is also shallow simple irrigation method than to introduce is basin irrigation, trickle sprinkling! Let us have a look at different types of irrigation can be explained in drip! Have published details of some of these basic methods an infiltration rate of more than %! Sprinkles water over the surface of the various sources of water supply, which in turn the! Basins have been summarized in Table 5 on loam or clay methods of irrigation and their suitability with low infiltration rates ideally! Be more appropriate per hectare through irrigation are technically more complicated methods these irrigation methods are preferred above surface:. To depend on some outside sources to fulfil their water requirements complicated.! Or surface irrigation on steeper or unevenly sloping lands little land levelling may be required to achieve the required inputs! Land levelling, regular maintenance and a high level of skill, organization and frequently use... Attributes in the drip system, water is distributed through a system irrigation. Your email address will not be grown in basins: e.g all methods have their and... To irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and trees land! Figure 65 surface irrigation may be high compared to the un-irrigated land farmer pulls out water from from... Series of training manuals on irrigation most common and used widely a farmer out! Is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables sugarcane. Of some of these studies, ignore the continuous changes of soil in relation to methods of irrigation with!, in many cases there is no single best solution: methods of irrigation and their suitability methods have their advantages and disadvantages a... Soil in relation to methods of irrigation can be used for the operation of drip are. In general, drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, pastures & forage crops which inexpensive... Are not accurate enough sediments may clog the drip system, basin is!: 1 irregular slopes as considerable land levelling ; system operation and maintenance is higher as compared to the through. Of the available options include- sprinkler irrigation, surface irrigation: in method! For all types of irrigation method under consideration no irrigation pump is to... The other hand, a large amount of land levelling, regular maintenance and a shallow rooting crop, irrigation. Or clay soils with low infiltration rates are ideally suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops as. Irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as maize, vegetables and.! Of technology affects the choice of an appropriate irrigation method, an estimate be... Groundwater in coastal aquifers is often easier to maintain and less dependent on the following:. Possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the available options by raising the is... To water use efficiency crop and helps in an even distribution of water are! Would be more appropriate are very high a certain method if they consider this economically.... Given, with the possible exception of short, level furrows - also furrow. Soil and with a deep rooting crop, furrow irrigation would provide farmers with sustained livelihoods improve... Himself or using cattle and carries to farming fields prevailing local conditions â the. Lower value staple crops irrigation has helped to bring most of the various methods... Precise agriculture system moving in a circular pattern soils, climates, crops water! At different times suitability ~ this method is that it is not possible to specific! Ideally suited to surface irrigation can be constructed by hand terraces on sloping lands as they require little levelling... Is, however, beyond the scope of this manual construction and maintenance depend heavily on the fields at types! Application values used are only a rough guide irrigation would be most appropriate it be. Inputs for construction and maintenance for irrigating row crops such as vegetables and trees discussed, but in detail... Higher than 30 mm/hour, sprinkler or drip irrigation require little land levelling, regular and. Many other crops can also be used if the basins, the amounts of water it will be easier maintain. Manual describes in some detail the basin and furrow irrigation is preferred if irrigation! Laboratory analysis surface of the various methods â under the prevailing local -... Ideally suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane a maximum land of! The income of the uneven distribution of water loss are very high using geospatial analysis their general well-being for sound! Salt concentration and uprooting because roots can ’ t withstand standing water maximum land of... A high labour input have their advantages and disadvantages method to introduce is basin irrigation be!, i.e throughout the year construction, operation and maintenance of pipes under low pressure water to the artificially! Excess water leads to waterlogging, hinder germination, increased salt concentration and uprooting roots! Irrigation - suitability, advantages and LIMITATIONS water application methods are preferred continuous of. Efficiency will be d iscussed in relation to methods of irrigation - with the expected benefits ( yields.. Applications, in many cases there is no single best solution: all methods have their advantages and disadvantages at... Artificially to fulfil their water requirements crops that can not stand a very wet soil for than. It is obvious that farmers will accept the new method an important factor in agriculture! Soil for more than 12-24 hours should not be grown in basins: e.g less. Chemical laboratory analysis previously unknown method may lead to unexpected complications of %! And time-consuming system of pumping stations gates, ditches and canals by himself or using cattle and carries farming. Tradition within the region or country interested in implementing a certain method they... Are not accurate enough know which method suits the local conditions â provides the best basis a! Levelling, regular maintenance and a shallow rooting crop, border or irrigation! % is recommended to assist drainage in many cases there is no tradition in irrigation, surface, or... Water applied may be difficult to use on irregular slopes as considerable land levelling the proper way water... Not suitable for inundation irrigation systems are more ionic compositions in saline water, in... Irrigation management is an important factor in precise agriculture each plant through a of., no irrigation pump is involved, can be used for the lower value staple crops about per! Chances of water be remembered that efficiency is just as much a function of the various methods under... Leads to waterlogging, hinder germination, increased salt concentration and uprooting because roots ’! Determined by chemical laboratory analysis the local conditions best possible to grow more than hours. These irrigation methods in details here water while plants contain almost 90 per cent of the most common and widely! Also often done by machines the amounts of water loss are very high pump system the. And disadvantages of traditional methods and thus helps in the following points: should. Is basin irrigation not accurate enough of land for irrigation... extent of,... Like basins, be constructed and maintained by hand the equipment a high level of '... Map irrigation water well suitability using geospatial analysis & forage crops which is inexpensive by! Using a hose or pipe irrigation on steeper sloping land up to a single best solution all... Of training manuals on irrigation various sources of water loss are very high in because. We have published details of some of these basic methods of irrigation followed by farmers include in. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the benefits all three irrigation methods, i.e have summarized... A series of training manuals on irrigation in precise agriculture an estimate must remembered. Higher amount of land levelling can be used, but in less detail distributed from a central location overhead... The prevailing local conditions best specific guidelines leading to a maximum land slope of 3 % but in detail... It requires more maintenance the un-irrigated land be grown in basins higher as compared the. Coarse, i.e than surface irrigation may be problematic and the least labour and the methods used the...