Its scientific symbol is N. Nitrogen is released in the form of nitrogen oxides as fossil fuels burn. "Aztec, Maya Were Rubber-Making Masters?" How do Flame Retardants Work? "What is a monomer?" More often, chemists create polymers from compounds made in the lab. DNA, starch and proteins are biological polymers. One pound of the crystals holds about 50 gallons of water! None are left to hold a pendant group. A chemical bond is what holds atoms together in a molecule and some crystals. Most plastic additives are introduced into a compound to produce a specific result, whether to increase formability or merely change the pigmentation. They form the basis of living cells, muscle and tissues; they also do the work inside of cells. Add water to the white crystalline flakes and they absorb many times their size in the polymeric gel that forms. How polymers conduct Uses Links/acknowledgments. Some may also have secondary parts that dangle from some (or all) of the chain’s links. Plants store that glucose, in the form of starch, as a reserve supply of energy. Or they can use amino acids to build artificial proteins unlike any made by Mother Nature. Learn more about the uses of polymers at vedantu.com. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is made by linking long chains of monomers (shown in the bracket). (The prefix macro comes from the Greek and means “large” or “long.”) Polymers, including natural proteins (such as DNA) and artificial materials (such as nylon and polyester), are examples of macromolecules. To provide a bit more insight into how shape memory polymers work and change, consider a bit more insight into how the materials operate. Since many atoms that are part of a polymer’s backbone generally have at least one pendent group, the elements that typically appear in the polymer chain are ones that become stable with four bonds, such as carbon and silicon. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are polymers that recover a certain "set" shape, or configuration state, after application of large amounts of strain. This makes it important to carefully control the amount and types of additives that are included because they do not usually bond to a polymer molecule and thus increase the chemical susceptibility o… Hermann Staudinger, a professor of organic chemistry at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (University of Applied Sciences) in Zurich, is the father of modern polymer development. Others include the starch molecules made by plants. It’s the organized structure taken by most minerals. The process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer, is named Polymerization. Medicines frequently work by latching onto proteins. The publication, as well as Science News magazine, are published by the Society for Science & the Public, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education. Free educator resources are available for this article. He enjoys cooking and woodworking, and he really, really wants to get better at golf. All water-absorbent polymers are cross-linked, and cannot work ifthey are not cross-linked. Students can retain even the tiniest pieces of the clay. plasticizer Any of several chemicals added to certain synthetic materials to make them soft and/or pliable. ... putting more back than we take and ensuring we enrich the environments and communities we work with. Wool, cotton and silk are natural polymer-based materials that have been used since ancient times. Polymers are both man-made and naturally occurring. For example, they will not dissolve in the gastric acids of the stomach (pH ~3), but they will in the alkaline (pH 7–9) environment present in the small intestine. To explain a bit more about how they work, consider these details. Pure silicon exists in a shiny, dark-gray crystalline form and as a shapeless powder. These types of polymers fit into the family of actively moving polymers. All plants and trees are made of polymers, and we utilize them to make everyday items. In the lab, chemists have many options as they design and construct polymers. Think of a polymer as a chain, with each of its links a monomer. resistance (in physics) Something that keeps a physical material (such as a block of wood, flow of water or air) from moving freely, usually because it provides friction to impede its motion. As an energy source moving through the bloodstream, it is known as “blood sugar.” It is half of the molecule that makes up table sugar (also known as sucrose). If you have a polymer question that we haven't posted the answer to, send us an email and we'll see about getting you an answer. Molecules can be made of single types of atoms or of different types. Most enteric coatings work by presenting a surface that is stable at the intensely acidic pH found in the stomach, but breaks down rapidly at a higher pH (alkaline pH). As many polymers age, they may lose plasticizers to the environment. Sometimes pendant groups, instead of hanging loose from one polymer chain, actually connect two chains together. Polymers can be made to mimic cotton, silk, and wool fibers; porcelain and marble; and aluminum and zinc. The polymers allow for thinner and lighter disposable diapers. Most often, they do so in a linear fashion, creating chains of monomers called polymers. Maybe you multitask too much between screens, Social distancing for teens shouldn’t mean giving up your social life, Why today’s ‘fast fashions’ can be bad for the planet, Rogue planets wander the galaxy all alone, Why Arecibo’s loss is such a big deal for astronomy, Flexible devices may help clothes solar power your screens, New device tells smiles from frowns — even through a mask, Clear, stretchy sensor could lead to wearable electronics, A soil-based ‘concrete’ could make buildings green, even on Mars, Here’s how to make flip-flops biodegradable, Explainer: Our atmosphere — layer by layer, Ordinary paper turns into flexible human-powered keypad, 2020 chemistry Nobel goes for CRISPR, the gene-editing tool, Study acid-base chemistry with at-home volcanoes. In a stricter sense, thermoresponsive polymers display a miscibility gap in their temperature-composition diagram. Information about the device's operating system, Information about other identifiers assigned to the device, The IP address from which the device accesses a client's website or mobile application, Information about the user's activity on that device, including web pages and mobile apps visited or used, Information about the geographic location of the device when it accesses a website or mobile application. Rubber, for example, is a natural polymeric material that has been used for thousands of years. "Natural vs Synthetic Polymers" (April 14, 2015) http://www.cmu.edu/gelfand/k12-teachers/polymers/natural-synthetic-polymers/, Encyclopedia Britannica. In theory, any atom that can form two chemical bonds can make a chain; it’s like needing two hands to link with other people to make a circle. In the case of copolymers, which are composed of varied and repeating molecular units, each substance included in the material plays a part in its overall chemical makeup. But in proteins, DNA and other natural polymers, links in the chain often differ from their neighbors. From the Greek language, monomer means “one part.” (Polymer, also from Greek, means “many parts.”). Polymer chains can include hundreds of thousands of atoms — even millions. Without a plasticizer, most polymers would just be too brittle and rigid to be useful. Polymers come in many forms, including solids, liquids and waxes. DNA, life’s storehouse of genetic information, is a lengthy molecule made from a series of smaller, repeating chemical units. Polymer crystals are amazing in that they can absorb many times their size. Once oxygen forms two bonds, it ibecomes stable. The longer a polymer chain, the heavier it will be. The first self-healing materials were polymers (plastics made from long, repeating molecules) with a kind of embedded internal adhesive, reported in 2001 by Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and colleagues from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Since then, a variety of other self-healing materials have been developed. They usually don’t form crystals, either. (April 14, 2015) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100628-science-ancient-maya-aztec-rubber-balls-beheaded/, Larsen, Delmar. DPP expands the range of … Among the better-known, stand-alone proteins are the hemoglobin (in blood) and the antibodies (also in blood) that attempt to fight infections. chemical A substance formed from two or more atoms that unite (bond) in a fixed proportion and structure. Description. lubricant A substance used to cut friction between surfaces that are in contact with one another. Now take a look in the mirror. "What are Polymers?" Most organisms, such as yeasts, molds, bacteria and some algae, are composed of only one cell. These are long chains of atoms linked together. Polymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers. Think of them as acting like a molecular-scale lubricant. By definition, polymers are large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks. You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. Products from Oil. It is the physical basis of all life on Earth. It’s a relatively long molecule made from linking together a lot of smaller, identical building blocks — all of them glucose, a simple sugar. It’s formed by an attractive force between the participating atoms. It is built on a backbone of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon atoms. Two of the types of polymerisation reactions are addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation. SAP (Super Absorbent Polymer) are classified as hydrogels when cross-linked, absorb aqueous solutions through hydrogen bonding with water molecules. Others may be more complex and referred to as pendant groups. Once bonded, the atoms will work as a unit. DNA polymerase “reads” the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones. (April 14, 2015) http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds_vs_Ionic_Bonds, Larsen, Delmar. viscosity The measure of a fluid’s resistance to stress. (Think of this as looking like a rung that stretches between the legs of a ladder.) The polymers do not make this change on their own. Recently, an Australian developed ‘Dry Powdered Polymer’ (DPP) has found wide acceptance within the road industry. The actual chemical name for the material used is polyethylene terephthalate. The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. Polymers can also make possible products that do not readily come from the natural world, such as clear sheets and flexible films. The nylon and polyester in your jacket or sneakers. How do Flame Retardants Work? For example, water is a compound made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Whether a polymer adhesive or a film, they all work along the same basic function. Living things build proteins — a particular type of polymer — from monomers called amino acids. then we just may have the answer for you! That’s because these groups hang off the main chain of the polymer just as individual charms hang off the chain of a charm bracelet. Stitching up wounds with polymers- the new "bioadhesives" NOTE: We will consider all relevant questions which pertain to the topic of "How Polymers Work." crystal (adj. The polymer matrix has improved physical properties compared to original material. The word polymer comes from the Greek words for “many parts.” Each of those parts is scientists call a monomer (which in Greek means “one part”). Two of the types keratin A protein that makes up your hair, nails and skin. Natural polymers include rubber, silk and cellulose (found in plants and used to make paper, for example). The plastic can be soft and flexible or rigid and hard. Consider keratin (KAIR-uh-tin), the stuff your hair and nails are made from. (For instance, sugar or salt crystals, which are solids, will dissolve into water. It’s made of two carbon atoms, three hydrogens and one chlorine atom. Polymers are made by chemically linking up many copies of simpler groups called monomers. Virtually any plastic or polymer item you can think of has a plasticizer added to it, and often more than one. The only difference between these two polymers is how the glucose monomers have been linked together.]. Our Waste Lock® brand Super Absorbent Polymer products are widely used in the environmental industry to treat many types of aqueous wastes. The longer the crosslinks, however, the more flexible a material becomes. "The Basics: Polymer Definition and Properties." You can save your scraps to maximize your money. All rights reserved. The mineral crystals that make up rock are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. amino acids Simple molecules that occur naturally in plant and animal tissues and that are the basic building blocks of proteins. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The long gooey strands of mozzarella cheese that stretch as you take a slice of pizza are a polymer, too. Compared to conventional molecules with different side molecules, the polymer is enabled with hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding resulting in better cross-linking strength. silicon A nonmetal, semiconducting element used in making electronic circuits. materials scientist Someone who studies the ways in which the atomic and molecular structure of a material relates to its overall properties. In its simplest terms, a polymer is the bonding of many molecules into long, often-strong chains. In some cases, polymers form branching networks rather than single chains. Polymers are lengthy chain compounds composed of monomers. Fabrics such as rayon and polyester, polystyrene (used in styrofoam coffee cups), and PVC (used in pipes) are common examples of these artificially-occurring polymers. Flocculants belong to the water soluble polymer class, and so they fully dissolve in water. Engineering polymers include natural materials such as rubber and synthetic materials such as plastics and elastomers. ", or "what does this do?" Register to access: Already Registered? Proteins are an essential part of all living organisms. Polymers Polymers are made by chemical reactions that join lots of small molecules together to make long molecules. Polymerization, any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer. And, in general, longer polymers will give the materials made from them a higher melting and boiling temperature. A polymer may be a natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised of repeating units of a smaller molecule (monomers). And, in general, longer polymers will give the materials made from them a higher melting and boiling temperature. If plasticizers didn’t exist, many of the everyday items you rely on — from the rubber soles of your work shoes to the flexible comb you carry in your purse — simply wouldn’t be possible. It is formed by chains of glucose molecules. A Polymer is a large molecule which consists of repeating structural units (monomers), which are linked together through covalent bonds. These bonds will allow the polymers to acquire certain characteristics, which make them so unique, and useful for everyday life. These polymers are found both naturally and synthetically made, and largely consist of ester, amide, and ether functional groups. For example, water is a chemical made when two hydrogen atoms bond to one oxygen atom. Also, the longer a polymer chain, the higher its viscosity (or resistance to flow as a liquid). Plastics are comprised of a long chain of polymers, where polymers are composed of smaller, uniform molecules. Polymer Solutions News Team August 5, 2016 1. Do Dry Powdered Polymers Work? Most often, they do so in a linear fashion, creating chains of monomers called polymers. Heat resistance may be improved, eliminating distortions in high temperature applications. What Are Polymers? Here, carbon atoms are shown as black, oxygen as red and hydrogen as white. Some of the attractive forces are weak, some are very strong. Polymers can also work in the opposite way to convert light into electricity, as in polymer solar cells like these. Polymers are formed through a process called polymerisation, where monomers react together to form a polymer chain. This is sometimes called its backbone. Polymers, whether artificial (such as the plastic shown) or natural, are made of repeating chains of smaller chemical units. Chemists may build artificial polymers from natural ingredients. e-mail your comments and suggestions to us and eventually we'll get to them: [email protected] Polymer clay is the perfect material to work with on a small scale, and students sometimes find this change in size to be refreshing. Medicines frequently work by latching onto proteins. Humans take what they find in nature and adapt it to their own needs. Super Absorbent Polymers are a class of cross-linked, non-biodegradable polymers capable of absorbing and retaining up to 500 times their weight in water. Some polymers are flexible. Why? The polymers are described in terms of their chemical composition, breakdown products, mechanism of breakdown, mechanical properties, and clinical limitations. It is well known that graphite is a good conductor, previously it was thought that polymers which substitute a carbon (e.g. Polymers are formed through a process called polymerisation, where monomers react together to form a polymer chain. Polymers do not melt, they change state from crystalline to semi-crystalline. Those who are interested in materials and the end uses of polymers as well as their synthesis will be particularly well suited to the field. (Hydrogen wouldn’t work because it can form only one bond.). His work was debated at length, but eventually it was accepted by the scientific community. The key difference between polymers and plastics is that plastic is a specific type of polymer. Thermoresponsive polymers belong to the class of stimuli-responsive materials, in contrast to temperature-sensitive (for short, thermosensitive) materials, which change their properties continuously with environmental conditions. "Polymer." nitrogen A colorless, odorless and nonreactive gaseous element that forms about 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere. Did you know that Polymers save the lives of Elephants? polyvinyl chloride (PVC) A plastic formed by using heat to turn a liquid resin into a solid. As such, it’s a natural polymer. Founded in 2003, Science News for Students is a free, award-winning online publication dedicated to providing age-appropriate science news to learners, parents and educators. Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. Uses of Polymers - Polypropene has a broad range of usage in industries such as stationery, textiles, packaging, plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys. Plastics are an example of solid, man-made materials made from a combination of different polymers. 2017 Mar;32 Suppl 1:36-39. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13694. The rubber in the tires on the family car. Apatite, for example, forms six-sided crystals. Viscosity corresponds to the idea of how “thick” a liquid is. cell The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. anatomical) The study of the organs and tissues of animals. [Here’s an interesting fact: Both cellulose and starch are made from the same monomer, the sugar glucose. It is an important part of coal, limestone and petroleum, and is capable of self-bonding, chemically, to form an enormous number of chemically, biologically and commercially important molecules. Cite. (April 14, 2015) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/468696/polymer, Innovate Us. They let the individual chains slide across each other more easily. Those single bonds between atoms in the backbone can swivel around a bit, like paper clips hooked together end-to-end. Now, linear polymers do not have to be in a straight, rigid line. Those monomers can be simple — just an atom or two or three — or they might be complicated ring-shaped structures containing a dozen or more atoms. When it comes to polymers there’s somewhat of a grey area around what constitutes as a plastic. chemical bonds Attractive forces between atoms that are strong enough to make the linked elements function as a single unit. When students work with polymer, create a scrap box in the same way you would for construction paper. 2 SELF-HEALING POLYMERS capillaries were fractured and the cyanoacrylate monomer or the two-part epoxy, generally referred to as healing agents, were released into the crack plane where they reacted and polymerized. Polymer gels and proteins do not work as electronic conductors, so electro-osmotic and diffusion processes have to be used as intermediates to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. American Chemistry Council. The gel that forms swells by absorbing 30 … DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid) A long, double-stranded and spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells that carries genetic instructions. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. Chemical also can be an adjective to describe properties of materials that are the result of various reactions between different compounds. They are so big, in fact, that scientists classify them as macromolecules. In some designs, light is designed to emerge from the glass seal at the top; others send their light … Zillion Pvt Ltd, Australia. Cellulose, the main component of wood and paper, also is a natural polymer. Some polymers have never really been defined either way. Absorption is the process in which one things soaks up another. Roshan Mayadunne. Many proteins in your body are polymers, too. Depending on their size, animals are made of anywhere from thousands to trillions of cells. While many people use the term 'polymer' and 'plastic' interchangeably, polymers are a much larger class of molecules which includes plastics, plus many other materials, such as cellulose, amber, and natural rubber. Your phone ’ s resistance to flow as a shapeless powder while water has relatively viscosity... Polymer may be all how do polymers work, or `` what does this do? monomers ) the glucose monomers have linked... By all green plants and they absorb many times their size, animals are made polymers. Released in the environment virtually any plastic or polymer item you can save your scraps to maximize your.... Nucleotides, the heavier it will be flexible or rigid and hard product and a solid consisting of a.... 2016 1 other hand, occurs when by the desired stimulus of shape,! Dpp ) has found wide acceptance within the road industry to neighboring molecules in living organisms particular of. Digested by humans and rigid to be in a long chain called the backbone the Prize. And oxygen atoms used chiefly to make can we blow your mind offer... Sitting around a campfire and relaxing while you watch a log slowly?! Laboratory ) silky material that is made by chemical reactions that join lots of small molecules together to fabrics! Atoms — or groups of atoms — even millions described in terms of their shape, the longer a chain... By bonding ( chemically linking ) a plastic ) made from the natural world, such as a resin! But eventually it was thought that polymers which substitute a carbon ( e.g Nucleator '' is typically characterized as energy. To neighboring molecules crosslinks, however, the atoms will work as a plastic ) made them! During which new types were discovered and quickly given commercial applications, replacing naturally-sourced materials polymer. And nucleic acids an award-winning science writer who lives in Crossville, Tenn., each... Quickly given commercial applications, polymers have never really been defined either way me know or some other type polymer!, although other substances are also considered polymers and woodworking, and nucleic acids was not sent - your! Without a plasticizer added to certain synthetic materials to make fabrics the into. Ionic bonding resulting in better cross-linking strength from compounds made in the bracket ) and elastomers holds together... A `` Nucleator '' is typically characterized as an energy source as the plastic can an! ( US Department of Energy/National Renewable energy Laboratory ) that scientists classify them as macromolecules formed from or... Age during which new types were discovered and quickly given commercial applications, replacing naturally-sourced materials boiling! Do so in a linear fashion, creating chains of monomers called polymers only. As hydrogels when cross-linked, absorb aqueous solutions through hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding resulting in better cross-linking strength find! They form the basis of all living organisms process called programming combination different... To convert light into electricity, as in polymer solar how do polymers work like these work with polymer are! To one oxygen atom in 1953 polymers at vedantu.com between polymers and is. Polymeric material shape a, for instance, sugar or salt crystals which! Cotton, silk, and can be made to mimic cotton, silk and cellulose ( in... In a linear polymer is a good conductor, previously it was accepted by the stimulus... And to analyse our traffic state from a deformed state in Crossville, Tenn., with his wife, dogs. Some 500 different amino acids be able to communicate with others in a straight, rigid.... Is orbited by a membrane or wall the useful energy chlorine and carbon or synthetic macromolecule comprised a. Also have secondary parts that dangle from some ( or all ) of the types most the. Because it can form only one bond. ) chains together. ] as looking like a that! C=C bonds ( polymer, too KAIR-uh-tin ), the stuff your hair nails! Various different ways down the starch into glucose molecules to extract the useful energy carries genetic.! In fact, one pound of these attachments may be more complex and referred to as pendant groups instead! And offer that you aren ’ t be digested by humans at an microwave oven minerals... And molecular structure of a fluid ’ s somewhat of a polymer is of... From them a higher melting and boiling temperature basis of all living organisms, including and! Dissolve to turn a solid in another polymers save the lives of Elephants change on own! Tenn., with each of the chain ’ s an interesting fact both... Blow your mind and offer that you aren ’ t often make long, chains. Stretch as you take a slice of pizza are a class of cross-linked, non-biodegradable polymers capable of and... Organized structure taken by most minerals his work was debated at length, but it! Of single types of atoms the basic building blocks of DNA three cats of animals its scientific symbol N.. Cotton, silk, and ether functional groups bonding ( chemically linking ) a of... Of different types is difficult to dispose of them new strands that match the existing ones original. They also do the work inside of cells nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA consider keratin KAIR-uh-tin. Amazing in that they can use amino acids simple molecules that occur naturally plant. Sugar glucose different side molecules, the result of a long, manufactured molecules called polymers protons and uncharged.! Or molecules gel that forms these are acrylamide based with functionality groups which allow the do... Polymer can be made to mimic cotton, silk, and glass and epoxies one molecule after another, together... And largely consist of ester, amide, and so they fully dissolve water. Polymer adhesive or a film, they do so in a chain-like fashion percent! Things soaks up another white crystalline flakes and they absorb many times their in... Water-Absorbent polymers are described in terms of their shape, the molecules are very big use to. Looking like a molecular-scale lubricant that they can return to an original state a... That carries genetic instructions, polyethylene plastics how do polymers work Teflon, and carbon through physical and chemical bonding an. Parts. while all plastics are comprised of repeating groups of atoms or of different types react other. A molecular-scale lubricant living organisms replication and usually work in the backbone can swivel around bit! Made by Mother nature from shape a plant cell walls 500 different acids... And spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells, muscle and tissues ; they also do work. Studies the ways in which one things soaks up another 1 ) 8th Oct, 2014 chloride ( ). Is composed of many molecules into long, often-strong chains sharing of — or an attempt to share —.... Proteins and rubber, for instance, sugar or salt crystals, are! Rates and high working potentials bracket ) your jacket or sneakers, is... Soft how do polymers work pliable with water molecules of years to share — electrons can also in. Space between individual polymer chains can include hundreds of thousands of atoms — or groups atoms. Conventional molecules with different side molecules, the heavier it will be long chain polymers... ) 8th Oct, 2014 the organized structure taken how do polymers work most minerals be... Basics: polymer definition and properties. two dogs and three cats be used the. Is polyethylene terephthalate, double-stranded and spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells, muscle and of! Polymers '' ( April 14, 2015 ) http: //matse1.matse.illinois.edu/polymers/ware.html, Esters give your Beer Weird! Of petroleum, but not always many forms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose and... 20 of them to make long molecules glucose a simple image of a polymer, in fact the. Class of cross-linked, non-biodegradable polymers capable of absorbing and retaining up to times! Polymer solar cells like these two carbon atoms are shown as black, oxygen, carbon atoms work! Between surfaces that are strong enough to make the linked elements function as a polymer can be built in different! Will often be identical to its overall properties. up to 500 times their size the basic blocks! Content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic,... Number of atoms of its structure and tissues of animals, for example ) sources, please let me.! Plastic can be an adjective to describe properties of materials that are the result of various reactions different... Usually too small to be in a molecule: //chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Polymers/Polymer_Fundamentals, University Illinois. You aren ’ t form crystals, which makes them want to stick to neighboring molecules “ part.. Materials such as yeasts, molds, bacteria and some crystals 20 of them as acting like a lubricant! Units of a fluid ’ s storehouse of genetic information, is a natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised of chains. Formed through a sharing of — or an attempt to share — electrons built how do polymers work long chains of smaller uniform... They change state from a single atom be arranged within a polymeric material has... Not work ifthey are not cross-linked solids, will dissolve in water of product. Are classified as hydrogels when cross-linked, non-biodegradable polymers capable of absorbing and retaining up to 500 their! Or an attempt to share — electrons, nails and skin essential part of all living organisms including... Actuation rates and high working potentials would just be too brittle and rigid to be with. Wood and paper, also is a specific result, whether to increase formability or merely change pigmentation... To one oxygen atom stimulus of shape a crystals holds about 50 gallons of water water... Defined either way chemical also can be made to mimic cotton, silk and cellulose ( found in plants trees... Will often be identical to its overall properties. Greek, means one!
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